Fraud Vectors

Hijacks subscriber account via SIM swap — attacker socially engineers agent or exploits weak verification.

Routes international calls through local SIMs to bypass interconnect termination fees.

Mass one-ring calls to trick subscribers into calling back premium-rate numbers.

Generates inflated call volumes to premium-rate international numbers where fraudster has revenue-share.

Manipulation of loyalty program through fake accounts, rapid redemption, or point exploitation.

Cloned or tampered IMEI devices used to evade detection or bypass device blacklists.

ML-detected anomalies in subscriber behavior patterns (IsoForest, Z-score, IQR).

Fraudulent use of roaming services through cloned SIMs or compromised accounts.